Eg - Hydrogen Sulphate = H2SO4
+1 × -2
(Monovalent) (Divalent)
Aluminum Chloride = AlCl3
+3 × -1
Saturday, June 8, 2019
How to write the chemical formula of compounds?
Eg - Hydrogen Sulphate = H2SO4
+1 × -2
(Monovalent) (Divalent)
Aluminum Chloride = AlCl3
+3 × -1
CTET EDUCARE
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Sunday, March 17, 2019
HEREDITY & ENVIRONMENT
HEREDITY & ENVIRONMENT
Why we differ from others?
We are not totally different from others : there are some similarilaries & common charectersitic among the family members .
What is it that causes such similarity and dissimilarities?
The answer is Heredity ...
Heredity means you can say Inheritance of Charecters transmitted to offspring from parents .
& Another cause of individual difference is environmental factor.
Today we are going to Study a new chapter i.e Heredity and Environment .
No.of Questions asked in previous year are as follow :-
2011- 1 Question
2012-16 -2 Question
We have distributed the whole chapter in 2 section
[2/10, 8:15 PM] Syed Ali Hussain: Why we differ from others?
We are not totally different from others : there are some similarilaries & common charectersitic among the family members .
What is it that causes such similarity and dissimilarities?
The answer is Heredity ...
Heredity means you can say Inheritance of Charecters transmitted to offspring from parents .
& Another cause of individual difference is environmental factor.
Today we are going to Study a new chapter i.e Heredity and Environment .
No.of Questions asked in previous year are as follow :-
2011- 1 Question
2012-16 -2 Question
We have distributed the whole chapter in 2 section
Section A Heredity
Section B Environment
Section A
Subtopics are -
A. What is Heredity
B. Definitions of Heredity by different scientist
C. Principle of Heredity
~Statistical Data on Heredity by Galton
~ Experiment and Laws of Mendel
D. Sex determination
E. Effects / Influence of Heredity on the development of Child.
Heredity - It is a biological process
Transfer of Charecters / traits either it is Physical or psychological from one generation to another or parents to offspring .
The traits can be
Eye Colour, Hair colour,
Body structure
Height
Skin colour
Diseases
It has been seen that a cat give birth to a kitten ,dog puppy & Human will produce a Human baby.
"Like begets like" but still there will be dissimalirity even in twins.
How the life begins-
Life in actual sense begins with the conception i.e nine months before birth.
Mechanism
Both Male & female produces Germ cells .
Testes produce Male germ cell called spermatozoa and female produces the female germ cells the ova ...
Union of Sperm and ova generally called as fertilization leads to form single celled zygote.
Zygote divides rapidly again and again which forms a complicated organs & body structure .
Zygote-
Zygote- cytoplasm - nucleus - chromosomes
Chromosome always exist in pair i.e 23 pairs
22 pair is autosome and 1 pair is sex chromosome.
23 from male side and 23 from female side.
Chromosome are thread like structure containing 1000 of genes which caries information .
Definitions -
Peterson - Heredity may be defined as what one gets from ancestral stock through his parents.
R.s Woodworth- Heredity covers all the factors that are present in an individual when he begins life not at birth but at the time of conception about nine months before birth.
Douglas & Holland -
One's Heredity consists of all the structure ,physical charectersitic ,functions or capacities derived from parents other ancestry or species .
B.N Jha - Heredity is the sum total of inborn individual traits.
Galton' s Law-
Statistical study of transmission of Charecters from generation to generation.
Charecters are not only transmitted by the parents but the grand parents and other ancestors also contribute to it but that charecter go on diminished generation after generation.
Mendel - Experiment on pea plant
Gene always occur in pair - Allele
In Mendel's first set of experiments, he experimented with just one characteristic at a time. The results of this set of experiments led to Mendel's first law of inheritance, called the law of segregation. This law states that there are two factors controlling a given characteristic, one of which dominates the other, and these factors separate and go to different gametes when a parent reproduces.
In Mendel's second set of experiments, he experimented with two characteristics at a time. The results of this set of experiments led to Mendel's second law of inheritance, called the law of independent assortment. This law states that the factors controlling different characteristics are inherited independently of each other.
Mendel's work was largely ignored during his own lifetime. However, when other researchers arrived at the same laws in 1900, Mendel's work was rediscovered, and he was given the credit he was due. He is now considered the father of genetics
Sex determination -
Sex determination is dependent on Chromosomes.
Female - XX chromosome and will transfer only X during gamete formation
Male - XY Chromosome and will produce two types of gamete X or Y
XX. XY
\ /
X. X or Y
Result - XX or XY
Female or Male
50-50%
This shows that in the sex determination the chromosome of Male are important .
Influences of Heredity -
It is true to say that child physical and mental Development are influenced by Heredity in many forms.
Environment refers to any other factors that influences individual growth and development other than heridity factors.
The word environment has been derived from my French word in Environia meaning "to surround"
From environmental point of view not only what happens after birth is important but also what goes on inside the womb of a mother after completing conception has equal significance.
It means Forces of environment begin to play their part and influence the growth and development of the individual right from the time of fertilization of the ovum by sperm.
Before birth,the mothers womb is the place where these forces play their part .The foetus gets it's nourishment from the blood stream of it's mother.
The physiological and psychological states of the mother during pregnancy ,her habits and interests,all influence the Development of the foetus.
After birth the child is exposed to numerous environmental forces that are purely external.
These can be decided into two parts - physical forces and social forces.
Food, water climate physical atmosphere of the home,school ,village of city, the natural resources available are included in the physical forces
While the parents, members of the family, friends and class mates neighbors, teachers ,the members of the community and the society ,the means of communication and religious places, Club, library etc are included in the social forces.
J.S Ross -
Environment is an external force which influences us.
Woodworth-
"Environment covers all the outside factors that have acted on the individual since he begins life."
Holland & Douglas
The term environment is used to describe in the aggregate all the external forces influences and conditions which affect the life,nature ,behaviour and the growth, development and maturation of living organisms."
Anne Anastasi
"The environment is everything that affects the individual except his genes."
Environment has tremendous energy and strength .
They can mould ,build or destroy ,help or obstruct in any individual.
Even children of same family or twins are brought in different environmental set up ,they may turn up in different personalities.
On this Earth ,there are positive & negative ,favourable and unfavourable ,healthy and unhealthy ,proper and improper environmental condition that can determine the directions of child future.
This condition create big variations .
Effects of Heredity -
1.Transfer of Charecters/ trait
2. Sex determination
3.Determines physical condition of the child
Like body make up ,
Appearance / outlook ,blood type
4. Diesease like TB, cancer ,Haemophilia
5. Heredity lays down the foundation for the intellectual potential, intelligence, basic motor skills.
6. Heredity determines personality like temperament, posture or physic
Effect of Environment
1. Physical dissimilarities-
Mostly Heredity determines but effect of environment can be clearly seen
Eg - People living in mountain region ,on Iceland
People of Arab and so on
2. Effect on personality-
Personality Development depends more on environment than heredity factors.
When a bad company or a negative environment may turn an innocent child into devil.
Eg - Crow story
3. Effect on mental growth -
Children brought in Rich family or people living in urban areas are found to be more sophisticated & intelligent compared to child of poor family or rural areas.
4. Effects of environment can be seen any types of development physical, mental,social,emotional ,moral ..
One Question that arises that which one of them is more responsible in determining variation and individual difference.
The Hereditarian claim the Heredity is everything. Heredity determines sex and personality of individual and environment as just as factor that nourishes the growth & Development but it never changes in the basic Quality of individual.
The environmentalists are of the opinion that Heredity does not affect the growth and development of an individual in any way.
John Watson - Environmentalist - Give me a dozen of healthy infants - I'll guarantee to train them to become any type of specialist I might select ...regardless of his talents ,tendencies abilities vocations & race of his ancestor.
Thus both Heredity & Environment has equal importance in determining the Development & individual difference.
Section A
Subtopics are -
A. What is Heredity
B. Definitions of Heredity by different scientist
C. Principle of Heredity
~Statistical Data on Heredity by Galton
~ Experiment and Laws of Mendel
D. Sex determination
E. Effects / Influence of Heredity on the development of Child.
Heredity - It is a biological process
Transfer of Charecters / traits either it is Physical or psychological from one generation to another or parents to offspring .
The traits can be
Eye Colour, Hair colour,
Body structure
Height
Skin colour
Diseases
It has been seen that a cat give birth to a kitten ,dog puppy & Human will produce a Human baby.
"Like begets like" but still there will be dissimalirity even in twins.
How the life begins-
Life in actual sense begins with the conception i.e nine months before birth.
Mechanism
Both Male & female produces Germ cells .
Testes produce Male germ cell called spermatozoa and female produces the female germ cells the ova ...
Union of Sperm and ova generally called as fertilization leads to form single celled zygote.
Zygote divides rapidly again and again which forms a complicated organs & body structure .
Zygote-
Zygote- cytoplasm - nucleus - chromosomes
Chromosome always exist in pair i.e 23 pairs
22 pair is autosome and 1 pair is sex chromosome.
23 from male side and 23 from female side.
Chromosome are thread like structure containing 1000 of genes which caries information .
[2/10, 8:59 PM] Syed Ali Hussain: Definitions -
Peterson - Heredity may be defined as what one gets from ancestral stock through his parents.
R.s Woodworth- Heredity covers all the factors that are present in an individual when he begins life not at birth but at the time of conception about nine months before birth.
Douglas & Holland -
One's Heredity consists of all the structure ,physical charectersitic ,functions or capacities derived from parents other ancestry or species .
B.N Jha - Heredity is the sum total of inborn individual traits.
Galton' s Law-
Statistical study of transmission of Charecters from generation to generation.
Charecters are not only transmitted by the parents but the grand parents and other ancestors also contribute to it but that charecter go on diminished generation after generation
Mendel - Experiment on pea plant
Gene always occur in pair - Allele
In Mendel's first set of experiments, he experimented with just one characteristic at a time. The results of this set of experiments led to Mendel's first law of inheritance, called the law of segregation. This law states that there are two factors controlling a given characteristic, one of which dominates the other, and these factors separate and go to different gametes when a parent reproduces.
In Mendel's second set of experiments, he experimented with two characteristics at a time. The results of this set of experiments led to Mendel's second law of inheritance, called the law of independent assortment. This law states that the factors controlling different characteristics are inherited independently of each other.
Mendel's work was largely ignored during his own lifetime. However, when other researchers arrived at the same laws in 1900, Mendel's work was rediscovered, and he was given the credit he was due. He is now considered the father of genetics.
Sex determination -
Sex determination is dependent on Chromosomes.
Female - XX chromosome and will transfer only X during gamete formation
Male - XY Chromosome and will produce two types of gamete X or Y
XX. XY
\ /
X. X or Y
Result - XX or XY
Female or Male
50-50%
This shows that in the sex determination the chromosome of Male are important .
Influences of Heredity -
It is true to say that child physical and mental Development are influenced by Heredity in many forms.
Environment refers to any other factors that influences individual growth and development other than heridity factors.
The word environment has been derived from my French word in Environia meaning "to surround"
From environmental point of view not only what happens after birth is important but also what goes on inside the womb of a mother after completing conception has equal significance.
It means Forces of environment begin to play their part and influence the growth and development of the individual right from the time of fertilization of the ovum by sperm.
Before birth,the mothers womb is the place where these forces play their part .The foetus gets it's nourishment from the blood stream of it's mother.
The physiological and psychological states of the mother during pregnancy ,her habits and interests,all influence the Development of the foetus.
After birth the child is exposed to numerous environmental forces that are purely external.
These can be decided into two parts - physical forces and social forces.
Food, water climate physical atmosphere of the home,school ,village of city, the natural resources available are included in the physical forces
While the parents, members of the family, friends and class mates neighbors, teachers ,the members of the community and the society ,the means of communication and religious places, Club, library etc are included in the social forces.
J.S Ross -
Environment is an external force which influences us.
Woodworth-
"Environment covers all the outside factors that have acted on the individual since he begins life."
Holland & Douglas
The term environment is used to describe in the aggregate all the external forces influences and conditions which affect the life,nature ,behaviour and the growth, development and maturation of living organisms."
Anne Anastasi
"The environment is everything that affects the individual except his genes."
Environment has tremendous energy and strength .
They can mould ,build or destroy ,help or obstruct in any individual.
Even children of same family or twins are brought in different environmental set up ,they may turn up in different personalities.
On this Earth ,there are positive & negative ,favourable and unfavourable ,healthy and unhealthy ,proper and improper environmental condition that can determine the directions of child future.
This condition create big variations .
Effects of Heredity -
1.Transfer of Charecters/ trait
2. Sex determination
3.Determines physical condition of the child
Like body make up ,
Appearance / outlook ,blood type
4. Diesease like TB, cancer ,Haemophilia
5. Heredity lays down the foundation for the intellectual potential, intelligence, basic motor skills.
6. Heredity determines personality like temperament, posture or physic
Effect of Environment
1. Physical dissimilarities-
Mostly Heredity determines but effect of environment can be clearly seen
Eg - People living in mountain region ,on Iceland
People of Arab and so on
2. Effect on personality-
Personality Development depends more on environment than heredity factors.
When a bad company or a negative environment may turn an innocent child into devil.
Eg - Crow story
3. Effect on mental growth -
Children brought in Rich family or people living in urban areas are found to be more sophisticated & intelligent compared to child of poor family or rural areas.
4. Effects of environment can be seen any types of development physical, mental,social,emotional ,moral ..
One Question that arises that which one of them is more responsible in determining variation and individual difference.
The Hereditarian claim the Heredity is everything. Heredity determines sex and personality of individual and environment as just as factor that nourishes the growth & Development but it never changes in the basic Quality of individual.
The environmentalists are of the opinion that Heredity does not affect the growth and development of an individual in any way.
John Watson - Environmentalist - Give me a dozen of healthy infants - I'll guarantee to train them to become any type of specialist I might select ...regardless of his talents ,tendencies abilities vocations & race of his ancestor.
Thus both Heredity & Environment has equal importance in determining the Development & individual difference.
Thanks
Ctet EduCare
Visit our YouTube channel 'CTET EDUCARE' for interactive videos for CTET .
Why we differ from others?
We are not totally different from others : there are some similarilaries & common charectersitic among the family members .
What is it that causes such similarity and dissimilarities?
The answer is Heredity ...
Heredity means you can say Inheritance of Charecters transmitted to offspring from parents .
& Another cause of individual difference is environmental factor.
Today we are going to Study a new chapter i.e Heredity and Environment .
No.of Questions asked in previous year are as follow :-
2011- 1 Question
2012-16 -2 Question
We have distributed the whole chapter in 2 section
[2/10, 8:15 PM] Syed Ali Hussain: Why we differ from others?
We are not totally different from others : there are some similarilaries & common charectersitic among the family members .
What is it that causes such similarity and dissimilarities?
The answer is Heredity ...
Heredity means you can say Inheritance of Charecters transmitted to offspring from parents .
& Another cause of individual difference is environmental factor.
Today we are going to Study a new chapter i.e Heredity and Environment .
No.of Questions asked in previous year are as follow :-
2011- 1 Question
2012-16 -2 Question
We have distributed the whole chapter in 2 section
Section A Heredity
Section B Environment
Section A
Subtopics are -
A. What is Heredity
B. Definitions of Heredity by different scientist
C. Principle of Heredity
~Statistical Data on Heredity by Galton
~ Experiment and Laws of Mendel
D. Sex determination
E. Effects / Influence of Heredity on the development of Child.
Heredity - It is a biological process
Transfer of Charecters / traits either it is Physical or psychological from one generation to another or parents to offspring .
The traits can be
Eye Colour, Hair colour,
Body structure
Height
Skin colour
Diseases
It has been seen that a cat give birth to a kitten ,dog puppy & Human will produce a Human baby.
"Like begets like" but still there will be dissimalirity even in twins.
How the life begins-
Life in actual sense begins with the conception i.e nine months before birth.
Mechanism
Both Male & female produces Germ cells .
Testes produce Male germ cell called spermatozoa and female produces the female germ cells the ova ...
Union of Sperm and ova generally called as fertilization leads to form single celled zygote.
Zygote divides rapidly again and again which forms a complicated organs & body structure .
Zygote-
Zygote- cytoplasm - nucleus - chromosomes
Chromosome always exist in pair i.e 23 pairs
22 pair is autosome and 1 pair is sex chromosome.
23 from male side and 23 from female side.
Chromosome are thread like structure containing 1000 of genes which caries information .
Definitions -
Peterson - Heredity may be defined as what one gets from ancestral stock through his parents.
R.s Woodworth- Heredity covers all the factors that are present in an individual when he begins life not at birth but at the time of conception about nine months before birth.
Douglas & Holland -
One's Heredity consists of all the structure ,physical charectersitic ,functions or capacities derived from parents other ancestry or species .
B.N Jha - Heredity is the sum total of inborn individual traits.
Galton' s Law-
Statistical study of transmission of Charecters from generation to generation.
Charecters are not only transmitted by the parents but the grand parents and other ancestors also contribute to it but that charecter go on diminished generation after generation.
Mendel - Experiment on pea plant
Gene always occur in pair - Allele
In Mendel's first set of experiments, he experimented with just one characteristic at a time. The results of this set of experiments led to Mendel's first law of inheritance, called the law of segregation. This law states that there are two factors controlling a given characteristic, one of which dominates the other, and these factors separate and go to different gametes when a parent reproduces.
In Mendel's second set of experiments, he experimented with two characteristics at a time. The results of this set of experiments led to Mendel's second law of inheritance, called the law of independent assortment. This law states that the factors controlling different characteristics are inherited independently of each other.
Mendel's work was largely ignored during his own lifetime. However, when other researchers arrived at the same laws in 1900, Mendel's work was rediscovered, and he was given the credit he was due. He is now considered the father of genetics
Sex determination -
Sex determination is dependent on Chromosomes.
Female - XX chromosome and will transfer only X during gamete formation
Male - XY Chromosome and will produce two types of gamete X or Y
XX. XY
\ /
X. X or Y
Result - XX or XY
Female or Male
50-50%
This shows that in the sex determination the chromosome of Male are important .
Influences of Heredity -
It is true to say that child physical and mental Development are influenced by Heredity in many forms.
Environment refers to any other factors that influences individual growth and development other than heridity factors.
The word environment has been derived from my French word in Environia meaning "to surround"
From environmental point of view not only what happens after birth is important but also what goes on inside the womb of a mother after completing conception has equal significance.
It means Forces of environment begin to play their part and influence the growth and development of the individual right from the time of fertilization of the ovum by sperm.
Before birth,the mothers womb is the place where these forces play their part .The foetus gets it's nourishment from the blood stream of it's mother.
The physiological and psychological states of the mother during pregnancy ,her habits and interests,all influence the Development of the foetus.
After birth the child is exposed to numerous environmental forces that are purely external.
These can be decided into two parts - physical forces and social forces.
Food, water climate physical atmosphere of the home,school ,village of city, the natural resources available are included in the physical forces
While the parents, members of the family, friends and class mates neighbors, teachers ,the members of the community and the society ,the means of communication and religious places, Club, library etc are included in the social forces.
J.S Ross -
Environment is an external force which influences us.
Woodworth-
"Environment covers all the outside factors that have acted on the individual since he begins life."
Holland & Douglas
The term environment is used to describe in the aggregate all the external forces influences and conditions which affect the life,nature ,behaviour and the growth, development and maturation of living organisms."
Anne Anastasi
"The environment is everything that affects the individual except his genes."
Environment has tremendous energy and strength .
They can mould ,build or destroy ,help or obstruct in any individual.
Even children of same family or twins are brought in different environmental set up ,they may turn up in different personalities.
On this Earth ,there are positive & negative ,favourable and unfavourable ,healthy and unhealthy ,proper and improper environmental condition that can determine the directions of child future.
This condition create big variations .
Effects of Heredity -
1.Transfer of Charecters/ trait
2. Sex determination
3.Determines physical condition of the child
Like body make up ,
Appearance / outlook ,blood type
4. Diesease like TB, cancer ,Haemophilia
5. Heredity lays down the foundation for the intellectual potential, intelligence, basic motor skills.
6. Heredity determines personality like temperament, posture or physic
Effect of Environment
1. Physical dissimilarities-
Mostly Heredity determines but effect of environment can be clearly seen
Eg - People living in mountain region ,on Iceland
People of Arab and so on
2. Effect on personality-
Personality Development depends more on environment than heredity factors.
When a bad company or a negative environment may turn an innocent child into devil.
Eg - Crow story
3. Effect on mental growth -
Children brought in Rich family or people living in urban areas are found to be more sophisticated & intelligent compared to child of poor family or rural areas.
4. Effects of environment can be seen any types of development physical, mental,social,emotional ,moral ..
One Question that arises that which one of them is more responsible in determining variation and individual difference.
The Hereditarian claim the Heredity is everything. Heredity determines sex and personality of individual and environment as just as factor that nourishes the growth & Development but it never changes in the basic Quality of individual.
The environmentalists are of the opinion that Heredity does not affect the growth and development of an individual in any way.
John Watson - Environmentalist - Give me a dozen of healthy infants - I'll guarantee to train them to become any type of specialist I might select ...regardless of his talents ,tendencies abilities vocations & race of his ancestor.
Thus both Heredity & Environment has equal importance in determining the Development & individual difference.
Section A
Subtopics are -
A. What is Heredity
B. Definitions of Heredity by different scientist
C. Principle of Heredity
~Statistical Data on Heredity by Galton
~ Experiment and Laws of Mendel
D. Sex determination
E. Effects / Influence of Heredity on the development of Child.
Heredity - It is a biological process
Transfer of Charecters / traits either it is Physical or psychological from one generation to another or parents to offspring .
The traits can be
Eye Colour, Hair colour,
Body structure
Height
Skin colour
Diseases
It has been seen that a cat give birth to a kitten ,dog puppy & Human will produce a Human baby.
"Like begets like" but still there will be dissimalirity even in twins.
How the life begins-
Life in actual sense begins with the conception i.e nine months before birth.
Mechanism
Both Male & female produces Germ cells .
Testes produce Male germ cell called spermatozoa and female produces the female germ cells the ova ...
Union of Sperm and ova generally called as fertilization leads to form single celled zygote.
Zygote divides rapidly again and again which forms a complicated organs & body structure .
Zygote-
Zygote- cytoplasm - nucleus - chromosomes
Chromosome always exist in pair i.e 23 pairs
22 pair is autosome and 1 pair is sex chromosome.
23 from male side and 23 from female side.
Chromosome are thread like structure containing 1000 of genes which caries information .
[2/10, 8:59 PM] Syed Ali Hussain: Definitions -
Peterson - Heredity may be defined as what one gets from ancestral stock through his parents.
R.s Woodworth- Heredity covers all the factors that are present in an individual when he begins life not at birth but at the time of conception about nine months before birth.
Douglas & Holland -
One's Heredity consists of all the structure ,physical charectersitic ,functions or capacities derived from parents other ancestry or species .
B.N Jha - Heredity is the sum total of inborn individual traits.
Galton' s Law-
Statistical study of transmission of Charecters from generation to generation.
Charecters are not only transmitted by the parents but the grand parents and other ancestors also contribute to it but that charecter go on diminished generation after generation
Mendel - Experiment on pea plant
Gene always occur in pair - Allele
In Mendel's first set of experiments, he experimented with just one characteristic at a time. The results of this set of experiments led to Mendel's first law of inheritance, called the law of segregation. This law states that there are two factors controlling a given characteristic, one of which dominates the other, and these factors separate and go to different gametes when a parent reproduces.
In Mendel's second set of experiments, he experimented with two characteristics at a time. The results of this set of experiments led to Mendel's second law of inheritance, called the law of independent assortment. This law states that the factors controlling different characteristics are inherited independently of each other.
Mendel's work was largely ignored during his own lifetime. However, when other researchers arrived at the same laws in 1900, Mendel's work was rediscovered, and he was given the credit he was due. He is now considered the father of genetics.
Sex determination -
Sex determination is dependent on Chromosomes.
Female - XX chromosome and will transfer only X during gamete formation
Male - XY Chromosome and will produce two types of gamete X or Y
XX. XY
\ /
X. X or Y
Result - XX or XY
Female or Male
50-50%
This shows that in the sex determination the chromosome of Male are important .
Influences of Heredity -
It is true to say that child physical and mental Development are influenced by Heredity in many forms.
Environment refers to any other factors that influences individual growth and development other than heridity factors.
The word environment has been derived from my French word in Environia meaning "to surround"
From environmental point of view not only what happens after birth is important but also what goes on inside the womb of a mother after completing conception has equal significance.
It means Forces of environment begin to play their part and influence the growth and development of the individual right from the time of fertilization of the ovum by sperm.
Before birth,the mothers womb is the place where these forces play their part .The foetus gets it's nourishment from the blood stream of it's mother.
The physiological and psychological states of the mother during pregnancy ,her habits and interests,all influence the Development of the foetus.
After birth the child is exposed to numerous environmental forces that are purely external.
These can be decided into two parts - physical forces and social forces.
Food, water climate physical atmosphere of the home,school ,village of city, the natural resources available are included in the physical forces
While the parents, members of the family, friends and class mates neighbors, teachers ,the members of the community and the society ,the means of communication and religious places, Club, library etc are included in the social forces.
J.S Ross -
Environment is an external force which influences us.
Woodworth-
"Environment covers all the outside factors that have acted on the individual since he begins life."
Holland & Douglas
The term environment is used to describe in the aggregate all the external forces influences and conditions which affect the life,nature ,behaviour and the growth, development and maturation of living organisms."
Anne Anastasi
"The environment is everything that affects the individual except his genes."
Environment has tremendous energy and strength .
They can mould ,build or destroy ,help or obstruct in any individual.
Even children of same family or twins are brought in different environmental set up ,they may turn up in different personalities.
On this Earth ,there are positive & negative ,favourable and unfavourable ,healthy and unhealthy ,proper and improper environmental condition that can determine the directions of child future.
This condition create big variations .
Effects of Heredity -
1.Transfer of Charecters/ trait
2. Sex determination
3.Determines physical condition of the child
Like body make up ,
Appearance / outlook ,blood type
4. Diesease like TB, cancer ,Haemophilia
5. Heredity lays down the foundation for the intellectual potential, intelligence, basic motor skills.
6. Heredity determines personality like temperament, posture or physic
Effect of Environment
1. Physical dissimilarities-
Mostly Heredity determines but effect of environment can be clearly seen
Eg - People living in mountain region ,on Iceland
People of Arab and so on
2. Effect on personality-
Personality Development depends more on environment than heredity factors.
When a bad company or a negative environment may turn an innocent child into devil.
Eg - Crow story
3. Effect on mental growth -
Children brought in Rich family or people living in urban areas are found to be more sophisticated & intelligent compared to child of poor family or rural areas.
4. Effects of environment can be seen any types of development physical, mental,social,emotional ,moral ..
One Question that arises that which one of them is more responsible in determining variation and individual difference.
The Hereditarian claim the Heredity is everything. Heredity determines sex and personality of individual and environment as just as factor that nourishes the growth & Development but it never changes in the basic Quality of individual.
The environmentalists are of the opinion that Heredity does not affect the growth and development of an individual in any way.
John Watson - Environmentalist - Give me a dozen of healthy infants - I'll guarantee to train them to become any type of specialist I might select ...regardless of his talents ,tendencies abilities vocations & race of his ancestor.
Thus both Heredity & Environment has equal importance in determining the Development & individual difference.
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Saturday, March 16, 2019
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND PEDAGOGY
Directions: Answer the following questions by selecting the most appropriate option.
1. The term 'curriculum' in the field of education refers to
(1) methods of teaching and the content to be taught
(2) overall programme of the school which students experience on a day-to-day basis
(3) evaluation process
(4) text-material to be used in the class
Ans: (2)
CTET Previous Years' Papers (with Answers)
2. At lower classes, play-way method of teaching is based on
(1) theory of physcial education programmes
(2) principles of methods of teaching
(3) psychological principles of development and growth
(4) sociological principles of teaching
Ans: (3)
3. "A young child responds to a new situation on the basis of the response made by him/her in a similar situation as in the past." This is related to
(1) 'Law of Analogy' of learning
(2) 'Law of Effect' of learning
(3) 'Law of Attitude' of learning process
(4) 'Law of Readiness' of learning
Ans: (2)
4. 'Dyslexia' is associated with
(1) Mental disorder
(2) Mathematical disorder
(3) Reading disorder
(4) Behavioural disorder
Ans: (3)
5. Education of children with special needs should be provided
(1) along with other normal children
(2) by methods developed for special children in special Schools
(3) in special school
(4) by special teachers in special schools
Ans: (1)
6. To make assessment a 'useful and interesting' process, one should be careful about
(1) making comparisons between different students
(2) labelling students as intelligent or average learners
(3) using a variety of ways' to collect information about the student's learning across the scholastic and co-scholastic boundaries
(4) using technical language to give feedback
Ans: (3)
7. ____ is not considered a sign of 'being gifted'.
(1) Creative ideas
(2) Fighting with others
(3) Novelty in expression
(4) Curiosity
Ans: (2)
8."Children actively construct their understanding of the world" is a statement attributed to
(1) Piaget
(2) Pavlov
(3) Kohlberg
(4) Skinner
Ans: (1)
9. Kritika who does not talk much at home, talks a lot at school. It shows that
(1) the school provides opportunities to children to talk a lot
(2) teachers demand that children should talk a lot at school
(3) she does not like her home at all
(4) her thoughts get acknowledged at school
Ans: (4)
10. A teacher should make an attempt to understand the potentialities of herlhis students. Which of the following fields is related to this objective?
(1) Educational Sociology
(2) Social Philosophy
(3) Media - Psychology
(4) Educational Psychology
Ans: (4)
11. Motivation, in the process of learning,
(1) sharpens the memory of learners
(2) differentiates new. learning from old learning
(3) makes learners think unidirectionally
(4) creates interest for learning among young learners
Ans: (4)
12. Learning can be enriched if
(1) situations from the real world are brought into the class in which students interact with each other and the teacher facilitates
(2) more and more teaching aids are used in the class
(3) teachers use different types of lectures and explanation
(4) due attention is paid to periodic tests in the class
Ans: (1)
13. Which of the following statements cannot be considered as a feature of the process of learning?
(1) Educational institutions are the only place where learning takes place
(2) Learning is a comprehensive process
(3) Learning is goal-oriented
(4) Unlearning is also a learning process
Ans: (1)
14. A student of V-grade with 'visual deficiency' should be
(1) excused to do a lower level of work
(2) helped with hislher routine-work by parents and friends
(3) treated normally in the classroom and provided support through Audio CDs
(4) given special treatment III the classroom
Ans: (3)
15. Which of the following should be considered the most important quality of a teacher at primary level ?
(1) Eagerness to teach
(2) Patience and perseverance
(3) Competence in methods of teaching and knowledge of subjects
(4) Competence to teach in highly standardised language
Ans: (2)
16. The stage in which a child begins to think logically about objects and events is known as
(1) Sensori-motor stage
(2) Formal operational stage
(3) Pre-operational stage
(4) Concrete operational stage
Ans: (4)
17. A teacher, because of his/her democratic nature, allows students to sit all over the class. Some sit together and discuss or do group reading. Some sit quietly, and read themselves. A parent does not like it. Which of the following may be the best way to handle the situation ?
(1) Parents should complain against the teacher to the principal
(2) Parents should request the principal to change the section of their ward
(3) Parents should show trust in the teacher and discuss the problem with the teacher
(4) Parents should take away the child from that school
Ans: (3)
18. The 'insight theory of learning' is promoted by
(1) 'Gestalt' theorists
(2) Pavlov
(3) Jean Piaget
(4) Vygotsky
Ans: (1)
19. Four distinct stages of children's intellectual development are identified by
(1) Kohlberg
(2) Erikson
(3) Skinner
(4) Piaget
Ans: (4)
20. In which of the following stages do children become active members of their peer group?
(1) Adolescence
(2) Adulthood
(3) Early childhood
(4) Childhood
Ans: (1)
21. Parents should play a _ role in the learning process of young children.
(1) negative
(2) proactive
(3) sympathetic
(4) neutral
Ans: (2)
22. "Development is a never ending process." This idea is associated with
(1) Principle of interrelation
(2) Principle of continuity
(3) Principle of integration
(4) Principle of interaction
Ans: (2)
23. Which is the place where the child's 'cognitive' development is defined in the best way?
(1) Playground
(2) School and classroom environment
(3) Auditorium
(4) Home
Ans: (2)
24. Which of the following is not a sign of an intelligent young child?
(1) One who has the ability to cram long essays very quickly
(2) One who has the ability to communicate fluently and appropriately
(3) One who carries on thinking in an abstract manner
(4) One who can adjust oneself in a new environment
Ans: (1)
25. ____ is considered a sign of motivated teaching.
(1) Maximum attendance in the class
(2) Remedial work given by the teacher
(3) Questioning by students
(4) Pin drop silence in the class
Ans: (3)
26. Which of the following is not related to the socio-psychological needs of the child?
(1) Need for appreciation or social approval
(2) Need for emotional security
(3) Regular elimination of waste products from the body
(4) Need for company
Ans: (3)
27. 'Mind mapping' refers to
(1) a technique to enhance comprehension
(2) a plan of action for an adventure
(3) drawing the picture of a mind
(4) researching the functioning of the mind
Ans: (4)
28. The best way, specially at primary level, to address the learning difficulties of students is to use
(1) a variety of teaching methods suited to the disability
(2) expensive and, glossy support material
(3) easy and interesting textbooks
(4) story-telling method
Ans: (1)
29. According to Piaget, at which of the following stages does a child begin, to think logically about abstract propositions?
(1) Concrete operational stage (07 - 11 years)
(2) Formal operational stage (11 years and up)
(3) Sensori-motor stage (Birth - 02 years)
(4) Pre-operational stage (02 - 07 years)
Ans:
30. Which of the following will foster creativity among learners ?
(1) Teaching the students the practical value of good education
(2) Providing opportunities to question and to nurture the innate talents of every learner
(3) Emphasizing achievement goals from the beginning of school life
(4) Coaching students for good marks in examination
Ans: (2)
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